ABSTRACT Water cooling systems usually receive additional chemical treatment and different features to prevent pitting corrosion on stainless steel which is dependent on medium factors such as species concentration. Chloride is an aggressive ion with which sulfate can act as an inhibitor. By applying cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Mott-Schottky plots, the behavior of 304 stainless steel (304 SS) was evaluated in solutions containing chloride, sulfate and ammonium ions. The polarization curves indicated the inhibiting effect of sulfate ions against pitting corrosion and the increase of the repassivation potential with increasing ammonium concentration. The most pronounced inhibiting effect occurred with a smaller ratio between chloride and sulfate ions (1:2). By EIS, the values obtained for charge transfer resistance of 304 SS sample corroborated the results of the cyclic voltammetry, ranging between 0.4 and 0.7 MΩcm2. The passive film showed semiconductor behavior, in agreement with the model of the chromium oxide inner layer and iron oxide outer layer. The passive films formed were highly doped, with doping density values on the order of 1020-21 cm–1. The difference between the corrosion potential and the flat band potential was found in the solutions where the material was less susceptible to corrosion.

resumo: Este estudo envolveu a análise de várias areias naturais para verificar as possíveis causas de manifestações patológicas pela ASR. As análises foram realizadas utilizando as seguintes técnicas: difratometria de raios X, testes acelerados de barra de argamassa (AMBT), a difração de elétrons retroespalhados e as análises químicas elementares, por FEG-SEM / EBSD / EDS. Esses experimentos permitiram identificar a presença de vários compósitos minerais (como microclina, anortita, entre outros), bem como os planos microestruturais-cristalográficos de quartzo (como o tipo Dauphiné). Dos resultados se pode inferir que as múltiplas técnicas utilizadas, especialmente a FEG-SEM/EBSD, mostraram ser promissoras na análise da reatividade potencial de areais para uso em argamassas e concretos de cimento Portland.

abstract: This study involved analyzing several natural sands to ascertain the possible causes for distress due to ASR. The analyses were performed using the following techniques: X-ray diffractometry, accelerated mortar bar tests (AMBT), electron backscattering diffraction and elementary chemistry analyses, by FEG-SEM/EBSD/EDS. These experiments allowed identifying the presence of several mineral composites (such as microcline, anorthite, among others), as well as the microstructural-crystallographic planes of quartz (such as the Dauphiné type). From the results it could be inferred that the multiple techniques used, especially the FEG-SEM / EBSD, proved to be promising in the analysis of the ASR potential of sands for use in Portland cement mortars and concretes.

RESUMO A taxa de corrosão instantânea do aço carbono 1040 enterrado em solo, por 6 meses, foi medida por meio da técnica de modulação de frequência eletroquímica (EFM) e pela resistência à polarização linear (LPR). Os resultados foram comparados entre si e com os dados de taxa de corrosão obtidos pela análise de conjuntos de materiais similares e sob mesmo tempo de exposição em campo. Os valores obtidos por EFM foram de (0,088 ± 0,008) mm/ano e, por LPR, de (0,075 ± 0,005) mm/ano. Já, pela perda de massa, foram calculadas variações de espessura deste material, de (0,064 ± 0,016) mm/ano. Assim, nas condições experimentais impostas pode-se inferir que os resultados obtidos pela técnica EFM, serviram para diagnosticar o desempenho do aço carbono 1040 submetido a um processo de corrosão em solo.

ABSTRACT The instantaneous corrosion rate of 1040 carbon steel buried in soil was measured by electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) and linear polarization resistance (LPR). The results were compared to each other and to the corrosion rate data obtained by the analysis of corrosion coupons exposed in field. The values of instantaneous corrosion rate found in the soil by EFM were 0.088 ± 0.008 mm / year, by LPR of 0.075 ± 0.005 mm / year. The corrosion rate values obtained by weight loss of corrosion coupons were 0.064 ± 0.016 mm / year. Thus, in the experimental conditions imposed it can be inferred that the results obtained by the EFM technique served to diagnose the performance of 1040 carbon steel subjected to a soil corrosion process.

ABSTRACT The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the open circuit potential techniques were used to analyse coatings with layered double hydroxides intercalated with benzotriazole (BTA), nitrite (NO2), and a combination of the two. These materials were added 5% (m/m) to epoxy resin and applied on carbon steel surface as an anticorrosive system. The analyses were performed during 1000 h of salt spray chamber exposure. Morphology and particle distribution on the coatings were characterized by FEG-SEM. The LDH BTA formed a complex with zinc from the LDH layer and a phase based on ZnO/ZnOH, as shown by XRD analysis. This complex may have impaired the LDH-BTA- corrosion inhibition process, as it formed an undesired phase on Zn-Al layers. The LDH NO2- enhanced corrosion resistance, inducing formation of a passivating layer on the metal surface due to corrosion inhibitor release and chloride ion capture.

RESUMO Para estender a vida útil de materiais metálicos dos artefatos das linhas de distribuição e de transmissão de energia vem sendo estudado um cristal do tipo hidrotalcita que funciona como nanorreservatório, para inibidores de corrosão. Os hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDL) são denominados compostos do tipo hidrotalcita, que são permutadores de ânions. Estruturalmente, consistem em lamelas de hidróxidos de metais misturados com cargas positivas separadas por ânions e moléculas de água. Com a exposição a meios agressivos, estes trocam íons com o ambiente agressivo e, paralelamente, liberam um agente inibidor de corrosão intercalado entre as lamelas. Nesta pesquisa foram analisados, por meio da técnica de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS), aço carbono 1010, aço carbono 1010 revestido com resina epóxi e aço carbono 1010 revestido com resina epóxi e adição de 5% de HDL Zn-Al de nitrito (Zn-Al- NO2-). O HDL foi caracterizado pelas técnicas de difração de raio-X (XRD) e espectroscopia de vibracional na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a viabilidade da utilização do HDL de Zn-Al- NO2- nos artefatos metalicos das linhas de distribuição e de transmissão de energia, haja vista que conferiram uma maior resistência a corrosão frente à exposição e possível penetração de íons agressivos na matriz orgânica (resina).

ABSTRACT To extend the useful life of power distribution and transmission lines metal artifacts, a hydrotalcite like nanomaterial has been studied because of its function as a nanocontainer for corrosion inhibition. The layered double hydroxides (LDH) are called hydrotalcite like material, wich are anion exchangers. Structurally, they consist of metal hydroxides with mixed positive charges separated by anionic and water molecules. Upon aggressive exposures, they can exchange ions with the environment, releasing a corrosion inhibition agent. In this research, three materials, (carbon steel 1010, carbon steel 1010 with epoxy resin and carbon steel 1010 with epoxy resin and the addition of 5% of LDH Zn-Al- NO2-) was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The LDH was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results obtained evidenced the application of Zn-Al- NO2- in the elements of the power distribution and transmisson lines, since they did confered greater corrosion resistance to exposure and possible penetration of aggressive ions in the epoxy matrix (coating).

RESUMO O encapsulamento de hastes de âncora em pasta de cimento reduz o contato dos materiais metálicos com os ambientes agressivos, em torres estaiadas de linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Contudo, ainda são reportados casos de falha prematura devido à corrosão do sistema de ancoragem. O íon cloreto é considerado um dos principais responsáveis pelo início e pela propagação da corrosão. Entretanto, existem muitas divergências em relação a concentração crítica de cloreto no solo e na pasta de cimento e a sua influência na formação dos produtos de corrosão. Neste estudo, o aço carbono 1040 foi exposto em laboratório a ambientes com diferentes concentrações de íons cloreto, 764 e 1764 mg/kg no solo, 2,0% e 3,5% na pasta de cimento, teores estes, baseados nos resultados analíticos obtidos em amostras de hastes e de seu entorno, retiradas do campo. A investigação do estado quanto à corrosão do metal em laboratório foi efetuada ao longo do tempo, pela medida do potencial de circuito aberto (OCP- “Open Circuit Potential”) e pela espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE). Os produtos de corrosão foram caracterizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, com análise química elementar (MEV/EDS) e difração de raios-X (DRX). Por meio da análise de EIE foi possível detectar a evolução do processo corrosivo do metal no solo e na pasta de cimento, mesmo sendo observadas diferentes formas de corrosão: generalizada no primeiro e localizada nesta última, respectivamente. Na avaliação dos produtos de corrosão, por MEV e DRX, foi inferida a presença de goetita, e calcita na superfície do aço exposto ao solo, e no encapsulado em pasta cimento foi possível visualizar os pites formados e as composições do seu entorno superficial. Esses resultados indicaram a necessidade da utilização de metais mais resistentes à corrosão em ambientes com íons cloreto, visando o aumento da durabilidade do sistema de ancoragem.

ABSTRACT The encasement of anchor rods in cement paste reduces the contact of metal materials with aggressive environments in guyed power transmission line towers, however, many cases of premature failure due to corrosion of the anchorage systems are still reported. Chloride ions are considered to be one of the main factors responsible for the initiation and propagation of corrosion, however, there are many differences regarding the critical concentration of chloride in the soil and cement paste and their influence on the formation of corrosion products. In this study carbon steel 1040 was exposed in the laboratory to environments with different concentrations of chloride ions, 764 and 1764 mg/kg in the soil, 2.0% and 3.5% in the cement paste, based on the analytical results obtained in samples of rods and their surroundings, taken from the field. The investigation of the corrosion state of the metal in the laboratory was evaluated, over time, by the measurement of open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The corrosion products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with elemental chemical analysis (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). By means of the EIS analysis, it was possible to detect the evolution of the corrosive process of the metal in the soil and cement paste, even though different forms of corrosion were observed: general in the soil and localized in the cement paste. Moreover, the evaluation of the corrosion products, by SEM and XRD, indicated the presence of goethite and calcite on the steel surface exposed to the soil, and in the steel encapsulated in cement paste it was possible to visualize the pits formed and the compositions of their surface surroundings. These results suggest to need to use corrosion resistant metals in environments with chloride ions, in order to increase the durability of the anchorage system.

RESUMO O ataque por sulfatos de origem interna é resultante da reação química entre os íons Fe2+ e SO4 2-, provenientes da oxidação de agregados sulfetados, e os compostos da pasta cimentícia, e tende a promover a degradação do concreto devido formação de produtos expansivos que geram fissuração e desagregação do material. Neste trabalho, a morfologia da pirita, presente em alguns tipos de agregado, foi avaliada. O mineral foi utilizado em substituição parcial à areia (10%, em massa) na dosagem de argamassas, para estudo das modificações microestruturais e da variação dimensional linear sob envelhecimento natural durante 42 dias. A caracterização microestrutural foi executada em equipamento FEG/SEM com sonda analítica de EDS. Verificou-se, na superfície da pirita oxidada, a formação de óxidos de ferro, os quais afetaram a interface entre a pasta de cimento e o agregado nos materiais produzidos com a pirita. Quanto a variação dimensional, a argamassa apresentou apenas contrações durante o período de estudo. Verificou-se a ocorrência de fissuração e a predominância na formação de cristais aciculares de etringita aos 42 dias enquanto aos 90 dias a presença de gipsita predomina. Óxidos de ferro oriundos da oxidação da pirita são evidentes nas argamassas aos 90 dias.

ABSTRACT The internal sulfates attack (ISA) is resultant of the chemical reaction between the ions Fe2+ and SO4 2-, by products of sulfide aggregates oxidation, and the composites of the cement paste. These actions promote the degradation of concrete due to the formation of expansive products that generates cracking and dissolution of the material. In this study, the morphology of the pyrite, present in some kinds of aggregate, was evaluated. In parallel, the mineral was utilized in partial replacement for sand (10%, in mass) in mortar dosage, for study of microstructural modifications and linear dimensional variation under natural aging during 42 days. The microstructural characterization was executed in a FEG/SEM equipment with EDS analytical probe. On the surface of the oxidized pyrite were formed iron oxides, which affected the interface between the cement paste and the aggregate in the produced materials with the pyrite. As the dimensional variation, the mortar presented only contractions during the period of study. It was verified the occurrence of cracking and the predominance of ettringite acicular crystals formation at 42 days, while at 90 days the presence of gypsum predominates. Iron oxides from the oxidation of the pyrite were evident in mortars at 90 days.

In this study, the cold plasma technique was used to produce nanometric titanium films with hydrophobic and anti-fouling properties. The films where deposited on porcelain electrical insulators surfaces to minimize the effects of leakage current. The magnetron sputtering technique was used with a target of pure titanium sheet, and argon as the ionization gas. The deposited films present an average thickness of 58 to 350 nm. After coating the insulators, the assays performed indicated a greater degree of hydrophobicity and maintenance of leakage current after exposure to salt spray. Lower leakage current values were observed in both natural and saline environments compared with the uncoated device.

An Nb2O|Cu corrosion-resistant coating was developed and applied onto AISI 1020 steel substrate by Powder Flame Spray. A galvanostatic electrochemical technique was employed, with and without ohmic drop, in four different soils (two corrosively aggressive and two less aggressive). Behavior of coatings in different soils was compared using a cathodic hydrogen reduction reaction (equilibrium potential, overvoltage and exchange current density) focusing on the effect of ohmic drop. Results allow recommendation of Nb2O5|Cu composite for use in buried structure protection.

O bagaço é gerado como resíduo do processamento do açúcar e do álcool. Esse resíduo é utilizado para a cogeração de energia por meio da queima em caldeiras, restando ao final as cinzas residuais do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar (CBC). Atualmente, essas cinzas são aproveitadas nas lavouras de cana como adubação orgânica, apesar de ser um material com poucos nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a durabilidade de concretos que utilizaram a CBC em substituição ao agregado miúdo por meio de ensaios de carbonatação e abrasão. Os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos para um concreto sem CBC. Os concretos foram dosados para que tivessem a mesma consistência e o mesmo teor de argamassa. Produziram-se traços com 0%, 30% e 50% de CBC, em substituição ao agregado miúdo em três grupos diferentes. Foram realizados ensaios mecânicos e, a partir dos resultados obtidos, os concretos que apresentaram os melhores resultados foram submetidos ao ensaio de carbonatação, nas idades de 60, 120 e 210 dias, e ao ensaio de abrasão superficial, aos 28 dias. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a carbonatação e a abrasão do concreto produzido com a CBC como substituto parcial do agregado miúdo e o cimento CP II E 32 são similares ao concreto sem adição da cinza.

The bagasse is generated in the sugar and alcohol production process. This waste is used for cogeneration of electricity by burning it in boilers and at the end it produces sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA). Currently, those ashes are also used in cane plantations as organic fertilizer, despite the fact that it is poor in nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the durability of concrete made with SBA as a replacement material for fine aggregate, through abrasion and carbonation tests. The results were compared to those obtained for a concrete without SBA. The concretes were designed to have the same workability and the same content of mortar. Mixes were made with 0%, 30% and 50% of SBA (in mass) replacing fine aggregate in three different groups. Mechanical tests were carried out with the concretes and the best concrete mixes made with SBA were submitted to the carbonation test at 60, 120 and 210 days, and the abrasion test at 28 days. The results indicated that the abrasion and carbonation of concrete produced with SBA as an aggregate replacement and slag-modified Portland cement are similar to concrete without ash addition.

Physicochemical and mechanical techniques were carried out to characterize three concrete tyre-rubber waste dosages such as 5, 10 and 15%, w/w. The elastomeric material was identified as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). It was observed that the growing SBR content in the mixture decreased the concrete performance. The best results were presented by 5% w/w tyre-rubber waste concrete sample. This composition was tested at Mourão hydroelectric powerplant spillway as repairing material.

Last decade Brazilian rivers experimented progressive biofouling of Limnoperna fortunei communities and Cordylophora caspia hydroids. The microhabitat is so favorable that in around 1.5 years L. fortunei increased from 0.39 to nearby 149,000 units/m². Ten Portland cement mortar samples were produced with 1: 3.5: 0.4 dosages and installed for 1 year at Salto Caxias Brazilian Power Plant reservoir in 0.5 m and 1.0 m deep to investigate the biofouling influence on hydraulic civil structures. SEM, EDS, visual investigation and XRF results indicate none direct chemical interrelationships between L. fortunei and the mortar samples. However C. caspia diminished the mortar surface resistance and caused cement paste leaching.

The performances of eight kinds of insulators from electrical distribution lines in Salvador-BA, Brazil, were evaluated considering the chemical and physical local environmental pollution. The parameters that were chosen as characteristic for the insulators' properties were leakage current and partial electrical discharge. A data storage processing system and a communication link to the lab were built for data acquisition. The results show that the main contribution to the poor performance of the insulators is settleable magnetite particulate matter on the insulator in addition to the long term wetness time, t4.

The influence of natural aging furthered by atmospheric corrosion of parts of electric transformers and materials, as well as of concrete poles and cross arms containing corrosion inhibitors was evaluated in Manaus. Results for painted materials, it could showed that loss of specular gloss was more intensive in aliphatic polyurethane points than in acrylic polyurethane ones. No corrosion was observed for metal and concrete samples until 400 days of natural aging. Corrosion in steel reinforcement was noticed in some poles, arising from manufacturing faults, such as low cement content, water/cement ratio, thin concrete cover thickness, etc. The performance of corrosion inhibitors was assessed by many techniques after natural and accelerated aging in a 3.5% saline aqueous solution. The results show the need for better chemical component selection and its concentration in the concrete mixture.